Effect of timing and type of supplementary grain on herbage intake,nitrogen utilization and milk production in dairy cows grazed on perennial ryegrass pasture from evening to morning

The present study aimed to clarify the effect of timing and type of supplementary grain in grazing dairy cows on herbage dry matter intake (HDMI), nitrogen utilization and milk production. Eight lactating cows were allowed to graze from evening to morning during three seasonal periods (spring, summer, autumn). They were randomly allocated to four treatments (timing: pre‐ (Pre) or post‐grazing (Post), for large grain allotments consisting of 75% of daily grain offered; grain type: barley or corn) in 4 × 4 Latin square designs in each period. In the spring period, HDMI was greater for cows fed corn than those fed barley (P = 0.005), whereas cows in the Pre treatment had a similar HDMI, higher (P = 0.049) urinary purine derivative concentration and greater (P = 0.004) milk yield compared with cows in the Post treatment. In the summer and autumn periods, timing treatments did not affect HDMI, nitrogen utilization or milk production, but cows supplemented with barley had higher urinary purine derivatives concentration (P < 0.05) and milk yield (P < 0.05) compared with those supplemented with corn. The results indicate that large grain allotments immediately before evening grazing during early grazing seasons increased ruminal microbial protein synthesis and milk production without reducing HDMI regardless of grain type.     

A Hierarchical Perspective to Woody Plant Encroachment for Conservation of Prairie-Chickens

Encroachment of Great Plains grasslands by fire-sensitive woody plants is a large-scale, regional process that fragments grassland landscapes. Using prairie grouse (Tympanuchus spp.) of conservation concern, we apply hierarchy theory to demonstrate how regional processes constrain lower-level processes and reduce the success of local management. For example, fire and grazing management may be locally important to conservation, but the application of fire and grazing disturbances rarely cause irreversible fragmentation of grasslands in the Great Plains. These disturbance processes cause short-term alterations in vegetation conditions that can be positive or negative, but from a long-term perspective fire maintains large tracts of continuous rangelands by limiting woody plant encroachment. Conservation efforts for prairie grouse should be focused on landscape processes that contribute to landscape fragmentation, such as increased dominance of trees or conversion to other land uses. In fact, reliance on local management (e.g., maintaining vegetation structure) to alter prairie grouse vital rates is less important to grouse population persistence given contemporary landscape level changes. Changing grass height, litter depth, or increasing the cover of forbs may impact a few remaining prairie-chickens, but it will not create useable space at a scale relevant to the historic conditions that existed before land conversion and fire suppression.     

Analysis of the Relativity Between the Nutrient Content of Pasturage and the Relative Frequency of Feeding in Leizhou Goat Grazing on Natural Grassland

In order to understand the correlation between the grazing behavior of Leizhou goat and natural meadow nutrient content, the pasture behavior of Leizhou goats were tracked and recorded for 7 consecutive days, then the grass samples were collected according to the feeding conditions. The results showed that the relative feeding frequency of Pharbitis nil, Eleusine indica, Isachne globosa and Imperata cylindrica for Leizhou goats were 55.51%,28.70%, 8.13% and 1.18%,respectively.Among the determinated pastures, the contents of dry matter (DM)(P < 0.05),neutral detergent fiber (NDF)(P < 0.05) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in Imperata cylindrica were the highest; Bidens pilosa had the highest contents of crude protein (CP)(P < 0.05),calcium (Ca)(P < 0.05),phosphorus (P)(P < 0.05), crude ash (ASH) and crude fat (EE);The crude fiber (CF) content in Isachne globosa was the highest. The correlation coefficient between the content of grass CP,CF,ADF,NDF,Ca as well as P and relative feeding frequency was 0.793(P < 0.05),-0.813(P < 0.05), -0.328(P > 0.05), -0.945(P < 0.01),0.804(P < 0.05),0.735(P < 0.05),respectively. In conclusion, there were significant positive correlation between the relative feeding frequency of Leizhou goats and the cotent of CP, Ca and P in native grass, and had a significant or extremely significant negtive correlation with CF and NDF content.     

Assessing the impacts of human activities and climate variations on grassland productivity by partial least squares structural equation modeling(PLS-SEM)

The cause-effect associations between geographical phenomena are an important focus in ecological research. Recent studies in structural equation modeling(SEM) demonstrated the potential for analyzing such associations. We applied the variance-based partial least squares SEM(PLS-SEM) and geographically-weighted regression(GWR) modeling to assess the human-climate impact on grassland productivity represented by above-ground biomass(AGB). The human and climate factors and their interaction were taken to explain the AGB variance by a PLS-SEM developed for the grassland ecosystem in Inner Mongolia, China. Results indicated that 65.5% of the AGB variance could be explained by the human and climate factors and their interaction. The case study showed that the human and climate factors imposed a significant and negative impact on the AGB and that their interaction alleviated to some extent the threat from the intensified human-climate pressure. The alleviation may be attributable to vegetation adaptation to high human-climate stresses, to human adaptation to climate conditions or/and to recent vegetation restoration programs in the highly degraded areas. Furthermore, the AGB response to the human and climate factors modeled by GWR exhibited significant spatial variations. This study demonstrated that the combination of PLS-SEM and GWR model is feasible to investigate the cause-effect relation in socio-ecological systems.     

取料机械手结构设计以及操作设计

本设备主要于油压机配合使用,用于从油压机内部取出加工完成的工件。为与油压机的动作配合,建立了与油压机的信号通讯,本设备主要由横行运动单元、上下行运动单元、吸盘组件及机架等组成。自动完成取件的全部过程,以压缩空气作为气缸动力的动力源,由气动电磁换向阀控制,结构简单,工作可靠,是一个自动化程度很高的设备,适用于现代自动化生产的要求。     

Simple prediction of crude protein content in vegetation growing on abandoned cultivated land

The accuracy of two simple methods was compared for the prediction of crude protein (CP) content of above‐ground plant material of mixed‐species composition on abandoned cultivated land in Japan. The first method is based on standard CP values (in g kg^?1 dry matter) for individual species (STV method) as listed in the literature. The second procedure (GLM method) was an application of the generalized linear model using the relative above‐ground biomass of monocots and legumes, total herbage mass, and day of year. Predictions were made at the quadrat scale, and for surveyed sites based on average of values for five or six quadrats in a single survey. A ‘leave‐site‐out’ method was adopted for model validation of the generalized linear model. The observed values of CP content ranged between 21·5 and 161·9 g kg^?1 dry matter (DM). With the STV method, the values of root mean square error (RMSE indicates average estimation error) were 50·9 at the quadrat level and 53·8 at the surveyed‐site level (both g kg^?1 DM). When a ‘leave‐site‐out’ validation was carried out, the RMSE‐values for the GLM method were 23·2 at the quadrat level and 13·2 at the surveyed‐site level (both g kg^?1 DM). We therefore propose adoption of the GLM method for the purpose of estimating the CP content in herbage on abandoned sites.     

禁牧休牧对藏北高寒草甸物种多样性和生物量的影响

通过对藏北高寒草甸禁牧3a(JM3)、禁牧5a(JM5)、禁牧7a(JM7)、休牧5a(XM5)和自由放牧(FM)等不同管理措施样地的植物群落物种多样性、群落高度、群落盖度、地上生物量和地下生物量的实地调查与分析,探讨了禁牧和休牧对藏北高寒草甸物种多样性和生物量的影响。结果表明,禁牧样地的群落丰富度指数、多样性指数均显著高于休牧和自由放牧样地,而禁牧3a和5a显著高于禁牧7a;禁牧3a的均匀度指数显著低于禁牧5a和7a,其禾草和莎草的重要值则高于其他样地;禁牧5a样地地上生物量最高,为84.2 g/m2,并且其地下生物量与地上生物量的比值最小。在藏北地区,禁牧5a不仅可维持较高的高寒草甸物种多样性,而且还能够明显提高高寒草甸可利用生物量,但是禁牧5a以上将不利于维持较高的物种多样性和草地可利用生物量。     

汽车制动轨迹的仿真分析

本文在汽车制动时的整车力学模型、轮胎数学模型和制动器数学模型的基础上,建立了汽车制动时的数学模型,并通过Matlab／Simulink进行仿真。结合汽车在实际制动时的制动轨迹与仿真结果进行对比,验证所搭建模型的准确性,从而为汽车制动稳定性的检测提供理论依据。     

曲柄摇杆式分插机构的轨迹规划和运动仿真

根据曲柄摇杆式分插机构的结构特点,运用ADAMS软件,建立了乘坐式插秧机、步行式插秧机的虚拟样机模型。同时,进行了运动仿真分析,比较了两种插秧机插杆末端轨迹曲线的利弊。仿真得出了模型的末端轨迹以及插杆末端的位移、速度和加速度,为后续曲柄摇杆式分插机构的设计和制造提供了依据。     

半干旱沙地草场地面节肢动物群落对封育措施的响应

以宁夏盐池国家级草原资源生态监测站为依托,选择荒漠草原典型冰草植被类型的封育(5年)与未封育样地对地面节肢动物、植物以及土壤性质进行了调查,同时分析了地面节肢动物对封育后植物和土壤变化的响应。结果表明,封育对地表植被和土壤性质均产生了明显的影响,尤其是植物个体数、高度和盖度以及生物量封育样地显著高于未封育样地(P<0.05)。调查样地共捕获地面节肢动物7目26科28个类群;封育围栏内外共有的优势类群为拟步甲科琵甲属,共有的常见类群有13个类群,共有类群数占总类群数的50%。并且,地面节肢动物对封育亦产生了积极的响应,动物群落个体数、类群数和多样性封育样地均高于未封育样地,但均没有达到显著水平(P>0.05),说明荒漠草原短期封育(5年)对地表植被和地面节肢动物具有不同的生态效应。相关分析表明,地面节肢动物类群数和Shannon指数均与土壤容重呈显著负相关(P<0.05),而优势度指数与土壤容重呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。表明土壤容重是地面节肢动物群落结构封育内外差异的主要影响因素,而且不同地面节肢动物类群对封育内外生境的选择性而表现出不同的响应特征。